Research
Research Library
Deep dives into peptide structure, mechanisms, and the current state of the scientific evidence.
Research
5-AMINO-1MQ Research: NNMT and Metabolic Studies
Explore published 5-AMINO-1MQ research on NNMT inhibition, cellular metabolism, and aging muscle, with clear explanations of the evidence and its limits.
Research
ADAMAX Research: Semax Comparisons and Evidence Gaps
Explore ADAMAX research and its proposed relationship to Semax. Review the evidence gaps, limits of related studies, and importance of compound identity.
Research
AHK-CU Research: Hair Follicle Studies and Evidence Limits
Explore AHK-CU research on human hair follicles and dermal papilla cells. Review the original studies, experimental findings, and limits of the evidence.
Research
AICAR Research: AMPK and Cellular Metabolism
Explore AICAR research on AMPK and cellular metabolism. Review laboratory and human studies, compound terminology, and the limits of published evidence.
Research
Amycretin Research: GLP-1, Amylin and Clinical Evidence
Explore amycretin research on GLP-1 and amylin signaling. Review clinical study findings, reported adverse events, and the limits of the available evidence.
Research
AOD-9604 Research: Fat Metabolism and Human Trials
Explore AOD-9604 research on fat metabolism. Review animal experiments, human trial findings, and why laboratory results do not establish clinical benefits.
Research
ARA-290 Research: Cibinetide and Small Nerve Fibers
Explore ARA-290 (cibinetide) research on small nerve fibers, sarcoidosis, and diabetic neuropathy, with published studies and clear evidence limitations.
Research
BAM15 Research: Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Metabolism
Explore BAM15 research on mitochondrial uncoupling and metabolism. Review animal experiments, human-cell studies, and the limits of preclinical evidence.
Research
BPC-157 Research: Key Studies and Evidence Limits
Explore BPC-157 research with links to original studies. Understand the animal findings, limited human evidence, and unresolved questions about safety.
Research
BPC-157 vs TB-500 Research: What the Studies Show
Compare BPC-157 and TB-500 studies, including tendon-cell findings, peptide identity, metabolite research, and a small rat comparison study.
Research
Cagrilintide Research: Amylin and Clinical Findings
Explore cagrilintide research on amylin signaling. Review clinical studies, distinguish cagrilintide from CagriSema, and understand the evidence limitations.
Research
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin Research: DAC, No DAC and Evidence
Explore CJC-1295 and ipamorelin research. Understand DAC versus No DAC, growth hormone studies, and why separate findings do not prove a blend works.
Research
CJC-1295 Research: DAC and Growth Hormone Signaling
Review CJC-1295 studies on albumin binding, growth hormone patterns, and IGF-1, with the essential distinction between DAC and No DAC materials.
Research
Dihexa Research: Animal Studies and Evidence Limitations
Review Dihexa animal studies, mixed findings, a retracted mechanism paper, and a notice of concern, with clear limits on human cognitive claims.
Research
DSIP Research: Human Sleep Studies and Evidence Limits
Explore DSIP research, including early animal experiments, small human sleep studies, mixed findings, and evidence limitations, with original study links.
Research
Eloralintide Research: Amylin Signaling and Clinical Studies
Explore eloralintide research on amylin receptors, early human studies, and a 48-week trial, with clear distinctions between findings and limitations.
Research
Enicepatide Research: CT-388 and GLP-1/GIP Studies
Review enicepatide (CT-388) research on GLP-1/GIP signaling, phase 1 findings, a phase 2 conference report, and the limits of current evidence.
Research
Epitalon Research: Telomeres, Cell Studies and Limitations
Explore Epitalon studies on telomerase, telomere length, and animal aging, including a corrected cell study and limits on human longevity claims.
Research
Follistatin Research: Activin, Myostatin and Gene Therapy
Review follistatin research on activin, myostatin, and muscle disease, with clear distinctions between gene therapy and prepared protein materials.
Research
FOXO4-DRI Research: Senescent Cells and p53
Examine FOXO4-DRI research on p53 and senescent cells, including molecular studies, mouse findings, and context-dependent pulmonary vascular effects.
Research
GHK-Cu Research: Collagen, Copper and Skin Studies
Review GHK-Cu studies on collagen, copper and tissue remodeling, including a small human skin trial and the limits of the evidence.
Research
GHRP-2 Research: Growth Hormone and Appetite Studies
Explore GHRP-2 research on growth hormone and appetite, with verified human studies and clear limits on what the findings establish.
Research
GHRP-6 Research: Hormone Signaling and Sleep Studies
Read GHRP-6 research on growth hormone signaling, GHRH interactions and sleep, with verified studies and clear evidence limits.
Research
GLOW Research: Ingredients and Combination Evidence
Review GLOW blend research, the evidence for GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500, and why ingredient studies do not establish combination effects.
Research
Glutathione Research: Redox Biology and Human Studies
Explore glutathione research on redox biology, human blood measurements, formulation differences and clinical outcomes, with verified sources.
Research
Gonadorelin Research: GnRH Pulses and Reproductive Signaling
Review gonadorelin research on GnRH pulses, LH and FSH signaling, and clinical studies in defined reproductive conditions.
Research
HCG Research: Hormone Structure and Human Evidence
Explore HCG structure and human hormone research, including controlled findings and evidence limits. Research and education only.
Research
Hexarelin Research: Hormone, Sleep, and Cardiac Studies
Review hexarelin studies on hormone release, sleep, and short-term cardiac function, with clear evidence limits. Research education only.
Research
HGH Research: Deficiency, Aging, and Performance Evidence
Read HGH research on deficiency, aging, body composition, and athletic performance, with study limitations. Research and education only.
Research
HMG Research: Menotropins and Reproductive Evidence
Explore HMG composition and reproductive research, including male hormone-deficiency studies and IVF trial limitations. Research education only.
Research
Peptide Purity Testing: What HPLC and MS Can Tell You
Understand HPLC and mass spectrometry for research peptides: identity, impurity signals, quantitative content, and analytical limitations.
Research
How to Read a Research Peptide Certificate of Analysis
Learn to read a research peptide COA, including batch details, identity, HPLC purity, content, endotoxin results, and what remains unknown.
Research
Humanin Research: Cell Survival and Aging Evidence
Explore humanin research on neuronal cells, BAX, and aging, with real studies and clear distinctions between animal findings and human observations.
Research
Ipamorelin Research: GH Release and Human Trial Evidence
Review ipamorelin studies on GH release, animal selectivity, human pharmacology, and postoperative ileus, with evidence limits explained.
Research
Ipamorelin vs Sermorelin: Research and Evidence Limits
Compare ipamorelin and sermorelin research, receptor pathways, hormone findings, and study limitations without unsupported claims of superiority.
Research
Kisspeptin Research: Reproductive Signaling and Evidence
Review kisspeptin research on KISS1R, puberty, IVF egg maturation, and LH pulsatility, with study limitations and peptide variants explained.
Research
KLOW Research: Four Ingredients and the Evidence Gap
Explore KLOW ingredients and their published research, including why individual peptide studies do not establish blend synergy or human benefits.
Research
KPV Research: PepT1 and Intestinal Inflammation Models
Read KPV research on PepT1 transport, inflammatory signaling, and mouse intestinal models, with clear limits on claims about human outcomes.
Research
L-Carnitine Research: Muscle Metabolism and Evidence Limits
Review L-carnitine research on muscle metabolism, weight loss, and microbiome-derived TMAO, with trial designs and limitations explained.
Research
LL-37 Research: Biofilms, Inflammation, and Wound Trials
Explore LL-37 studies on bacterial biofilms, self-DNA inflammation, and venous leg ulcers, including the limits of laboratory and clinical findings.
Research
MariTide Research: Receptor Biology and Clinical Evidence
Review MariTide research on GIPR blockade, GLP-1R activation, and phase II clinical results, with clear limits on product equivalence claims.
Research
Mazdutide Research: GLP-1, Glucagon and Clinical Evidence
Review mazdutide research on GLP-1 and glucagon signaling, clinical weight and glucose trials, adverse events, and evidence limits.
Research
Melanotan I Research: Pigmentation and Afamelanotide Studies
Explore Melanotan I and afamelanotide research on pigmentation, EPP and vitiligo, with verified studies and clear evidence limits.
Research
Melanotan I vs Melanotan II: Comparing the Research
Compare Melanotan I and Melanotan II research, study populations, formulations and safety uncertainties without overstating the evidence.
Research
Melanotan II Research: Early Studies and Evidence Limits
Read verified Melanotan II studies on pigmentation and erectile responses, plus toxicity findings and the limits of early human evidence.
Research
MGF Research: IGF-1 Variants and Conflicting Cell Studies
Explore MGF research, IGF-1 variants, synthetic E-domain peptides and conflicting cell studies, with verified references and clear evidence limits.
Research
MOTS-c Research: Mitochondria, Metabolism and Exercise
Review MOTS-c studies on mitochondrial signaling, metabolism and exercise, with clear distinctions between cell, mouse and human evidence.
Research
NAD+ Research: Metabolism, Precursors and Human Evidence
Understand NAD+ research, direct-infusion studies and NR and NMN precursor trials, including measured outcomes and important evidence limits.
Research
Oxytocin Research: Social Behavior and Clinical Evidence
Review oxytocin studies on trust, autism and obesity, including recent replication findings, clinical trial results and evidence limits.
Research
P-21 Research: P021, Neurotrophic Signaling and Evidence
Explore P-21 and P021 research in aged rats and Alzheimer-related mouse models, with verified studies and clear limits on human claims.
Research
PACAP Research: Cell Signaling and Migraine Evidence
Understand PACAP research, migraine-provocation studies and anti-PACAP antibody trials, with clear distinctions between the tested interventions.
Research
PE-22-28 Research: Mini-Spadin and TREK-1 Evidence
Explore PE-22-28 and mini-spadin research on TREK-1, rodent behavior and neuronal markers, with clear distinctions between compounds and evidence.
Research
PEG-MGF Research: Compound Identity and Evidence Limits
Review PEG-MGF evidence limits and original MGF peptide studies, including conflicting results and why compound identity matters.
Research
Pemvidutide Research: Liver Fat and MASH Trial Evidence
Review pemvidutide liver-fat and MASH studies, including the IMPACT trial, its unmet fibrosis endpoint and the limits of the clinical evidence.
Research
Petrelintide Research: Amylin and Clinical Trial Evidence
Explore petrelintide development, phase 1 findings and ZUPREME 1 results, with verified sources and clear limits on clinical comparisons.
Research
Phoenix Blend Research: GHK-Cu, KPV and Evidence Limits
Examine Phoenix blend research, GHK-Cu and KPV component studies, and why individual peptide findings do not establish effects of the mixture.
Research
Pinealon Research: EDR, Cell Stress and Neuronal Models
Review Pinealon and EDR studies on oxidative stress, rat learning and mouse neuronal structures, with verified references and clear evidence limits.
Research
PNC-27 Research: HDM2 and Cancer-Cell Membrane Studies
Review PNC-27 studies on membrane HDM2, cell injury and leukemia models, with clear limits on translating preclinical findings to human cancer care.
Research
Prostamax Research: KEDP, Chromatin and Prostate Models
Explore Prostamax and KEDP research in cultured lymphocytes and a rat prostate model, including study limitations and gaps in human evidence.
Research
PT-141 Research: Bremelanotide Studies and Evidence Limits
Explore PT-141 and bremelanotide research, from early male studies to RECONNECT trials, with clear distinctions between findings and evidence limits.
Research
Research Peptide Storage and Stability: What Studies Show
Learn what peptide stability studies show about freeze-drying, formulation and handling, and why storage claims need product-specific evidence.
Research
Retatrutide Research: Triple Agonism and Clinical Evidence
Review retatrutide research on triple-receptor activity, body weight and liver fat, including phase 3 findings and the limits of trial comparisons.
Research
Selank Research: Anxiety Studies and GABA-Related Findings
Explore Selank research from a small clinical comparison and rat studies, including GABA-related findings, mixed behavioral results and evidence limits.
Research
CagriSema Research: Cagrilintide and Semaglutide Trials
Explore CagriSema research from phase 2 and REDEFINE trials, with clear explanations of weight outcomes, study populations, and evidence limitations.
Research
Semaglutide Research: Weight, Heart, Kidney and Liver
Review major semaglutide studies on weight, cardiovascular events, kidney disease and liver histology, with clear explanations of findings and limits.
Research
Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide vs Retatrutide: Research Review
Compare semaglutide, tirzepatide and retatrutide research while separating direct trials from cross-study comparisons and explaining evidence limits.
Research
Semax and Selank Blend Research: Evidence and Missing Links
Examine Semax and Selank studies and learn why separate-component findings and brain imaging do not establish benefits or safety for a premixed blend.
Research
Semax Research: BDNF, Brain Imaging and Stroke Studies
Review Semax research on BDNF, exploratory human brain imaging and stroke rehabilitation, with clear distinctions between findings and evidence limits.
Research
Sermorelin Research: Growth Hormone Studies and Limits
Explore Sermorelin studies in growth hormone deficiency and older adults, with clear distinctions from tesamorelin and limits of the evidence.
Research
SLU-PP-332 Research: ERR Signaling and Mouse Studies
Review SLU-PP-332 research on ERR signaling, exercise-related biology, metabolism and cardiac function in mice, with clear limits on human claims.
Research
Survodutide Research: Obesity, Diabetes and MASH Studies
Review Survodutide phase 3 obesity and diabetes trials and phase 2 MASH findings, including study populations, adverse events and evidence limits.
Research
TB-500 Research: Fragment Identity and Repair Evidence
Understand TB-500 analytical studies, the thymosin beta-4 fragment distinction and mouse repair research without overstating human evidence.
Research
Tesamorelin Research: Visceral Fat and Liver Studies
Explore randomized Tesamorelin studies of visceral and liver fat in people with HIV, with clear explanations of outcomes, tolerability and limits.
Research
Testagen Research: KEDG, Cell Studies and Evidence Limits
Review Testagen KEDG research on cell localization, histone interactions and bird thyroid models, with clear limits on testosterone and fertility claims.
Research
Thymalin Research: Immune Studies and Evidence Limits
Explore Thymalin research on immune markers, a small clinical study and laboratory cytokine responses, with clear limits on broader health claims.
Research
Thymosin Alpha-1 Research: Trials and Immune Evidence
Review Thymosin Alpha-1 trials in sepsis and pancreatitis, including the corrected TESTS report, with clear distinctions between markers and outcomes.
Research
Thymosin Beta-10 Research: Actin and Cancer Biology
Explore Thymosin Beta-10 actin and cancer studies, including contrasting findings across models and the limits of biomarker and treatment claims.
Research
Thymosin Beta-4 Research: Repair Biology and Human Trials
Explore thymosin beta-4 research on cardiac repair, dry-eye trials and early human tolerability, with clear explanations of the evidence and limits.
Research
Tirzepatide Research: Key Trials and Evidence Limits
Read an educational review of tirzepatide trials, including SURMOUNT-1, diabetes progression and comparison with semaglutide, with evidence limits.
Research
Vesugen Research: KED, Vascular Cells and Evidence Limits
Explore Vesugen and KED research on vascular-cell markers, molecular modeling and a small clinical report, with clear explanations of the limitations.
Research
VIP Research: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Trials
Review VIP and aviptadil research, from early pulmonary-hypertension observations to COVID-19 trials, with primary outcomes and limitations explained.
Research
Wolverine Blend Research: BPC-157, TB-500 and Evidence
Explore Wolverine blend research, including BPC-157, TB-500 identity and a direct rat tendon study, with clear limits on combination and clinical claims.